Process Of Planning The Advertising Campaign free essay sample

The campaign planning is the joint effort of both the advertiser and his ad Agency. The advertiser supplies much information about the product, the channel of distribution, competition the product, and the firm. The agency may collect other information from the market, in respect of target audience etc. Advertising campaign planning simply means planning the advertising campaign. Advertising campaign planning concerns many people in the advertising agency, but mainly concerns the advertising manager (for the client), account executive, marketing manager, creative director, media planner, and PR manager. They design and plan advertising campaign for the client. Steps in Advertising Campaign Planning : The main steps in advertising campaign planning are as follows : 1. Prototype Stage : Let us assume that a manufacturer has the prototype of a new product. The basic product has been thoroughly tested, but the packaging has not been determined, it has no name, no price, and perhaps no defined market. We will write a custom essay sample on Process Of Planning The Advertising Campaign or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In some respects this seems to contradict modern marketing principles. This situation is not uncommon. The company now wish to advertise its new product and appoints an advertising agency and calls it to explore the possibilities to promote the sales. 2. Initial Briefing by Client : The most likely procedure is for the managing director to ask his advertising manager to fix up a meeting with the account executive of the advertising agency. This first meeting may be held at the factory, at the company? s head office, or at the advertising agency. Probably the best venue will be where the account executive can see the product and meet the people who have been involved in its development. The factory might be the best place, but much depends on how the company is organized. For this initial discussion, the right choice of venue can be important to the account executive? s clear understanding of the proposition. It can be dangerous for the advertising agency to start off on the wrong foot because of inadequate or faulty interpretation of policy and problems. The need then is for best possible understanding at the beginning. This is the joint responsibility of the advertising manager and the account executive. Contact Report : Whenever a meeting has been held with a client a contact report should be written at once and circulated to all those present at the meeting, with additional copies for others not in attendance who should be informed, both inside the company and inside the agency. The importance of a contact report lies in its confirmation of agreed action, so that nothing depends on people? s memories, and if it is submitted directly after the event it serves to remind of necessary action that must be taken by people present at the meeting. Agreed contact reports, when placed in a file or binder as instructions to proceed, may be referred to as the facts book. Should a dispute occur, reference can be made to the respective contact report: at the end of the year these reports from the basis of a report to the client on the year? s work. 4. Account Executive? s Report to Agency Management : The account executive will also give his superiors the account director and perhaps the agency managing director a verbal report. If new business is coming into the agency it may be necessary to make changes in the deployment of staff, engage extra staff, and consider the use or expansion of equipment and premises. 5. Account Executive? s Briefing to Agency Department Heads : The account executive now writes up a detailed, factual but as far as possible unbiased report on the assignment, setting out his understanding of the product and the client? s requirements. In this report he should try to avoid expressing any personal observations because the object is to inform others whose ideas and opinions are being sought. Each department head is asked to study the report and to attend a plans board meeting. 6. Proposition : At this stage, the account executive invites the managing director of the client company to attend a meeting at which the scheme is presented in report form with a presentation of ideas in rough visual form. At this meeting the client party may consist of the managing director, marketing manager, sales manager and advertising manager and the members of the agency party may include the account director, account executive and the marketing director. Once the scheme is approved and adopted in principle the agency will be instructed to prepare a full visual presentation at the client? s expense. Now, the agency will engage in actual copywriting, photography and drawing. Detailed media scheduling will now be done by the media buyer. 7. Presentation to Client : At this stage the complete campaign is demonstrated to the client. The campaign is presented visually. Advertising campaign planning must be flexible. Moreover, at such a meeting with the client there will be a number of company directors and  executives present who disagree with one another as well as with the agency over what makes an advertising campaign. Everyone likes to argue about advertising! The account executive, supported by the advertising manager in deal circumstances, must sell his campaign on the basis of sales and readership figures of publications, show the results of copy testing, and offer alternative media plans with evidence of the reasoning behind them. Much of the comment and criticism from the client side will often represent arguments which were considered and rejected in the agency much earlier. This has to be expected, accepted courteously and gently dismissed by means by persuasive reasoning and statistics which reveal that the agency has really taken pains to produce not just a clever scheme but one based on businesslike thinking. Once the scheme has been approved, the account executive and his companions will return to the agency, ready to execute the campaign. At this stage when the media start buyers, creative staff, print buying production and traffic takeover, working under the direction of the account executive. 11. 2. 3 Factors Influencing the Planning of an Advertising Campaign. The Organisation its reputation, position in the market. 2. The product e. g. Consumer (Perishable, durable or speciality) goods, or industrial goods etc. 3. The market the nature of customers, their income, their buying behavior, and their location. 4. The competition. 5. The absolute price of the product, Competitor? s price etc. 6. The channels of distribution. 7. The budget, the advertising theme, etc. 8. The media, the advertising schedule etc. 9. The Govt. regulations and controls, restriction on certain products, restriction on certain media to carry out certain ads.

Discerning Edits

Discerning Edits All edits are  your friend. I previously belonged to an online critique group. It was superb, able to stick to pure feedback because we werent facing each other, chatting, and distracted. In the 13 years I belonged to that group, my writing leaped in tremendous, gigantic bounds. Not that they were literary giants, That group knew me before I was published, and six years before the first book was published. They helped mold me. They gave me confidence. They taught me how to edit, but more so, they taught me how to accept edits discernibly. Critiquers and editors come with history, experience, preferences, and baggage. Theyve picked up what they deem as rules and mantras that they write and edit In belonging to this hard-core online group, I had to develop a thick skin. I also had to develop a professional tact when I critiqued in return. Most of all, I had to learn that all the edits I received werent necessarily gospel, and all the edits I delivered didnt have to be used. That was the most profound lesson I carried from that group. . . and I thank the heavens I had that group for as long as I did. I can accept an edit and go through it with my own red pen, accepting and declining the comments. . . while feeling perfectly fine about myself and the other person when its over. Unfortunately, over this extended time three of the group members died, another lost his wife and therefore his desire to write, and in trying to regain its size, the group accepted some folks who practically dismantled it with derogatory remarks instead of pure editing. The serious writers silently stepped away from the folks who couldnt accept the fact that their critiques werent in stone, and they werent immune to negative remarks about their own work. Too much inflexibility. As with all critique groups, they grow, shrink, change for the better, and change for the worst. It fizzled, which broke my heart. However, I recall those strong, active days with fondness and a deep appreciation for what I learned being willing to be flexible in edits. Learning to edit discernibly  is one of the best traits a serious writer can have.

Investment and Private banking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Investment and Private banking - Assignment Example A large market share of the UK banking sector is at the hands of a few banks due to mergers and acquisition. This has made the market less competitive due to reduction in the number of independent private banks. However, UK has been successful for many years as a financial sector with many foreign banks entering the market. Hoare’s bank has defied the above mergers and acquisitions and remains as one of the oldest independent private bank in the UK. It is managed and financed by the descendants of Sir Richard Hoare who was its founder. The bank has been profitable for many years and maintains a relatively small customer base. This has enabled it to specialize in personalized private banking. It has a range of banking services tailored to satisfy individual’s customer needs as well as wealth management. The bank has put up measures to ensure that only trusted and high net worth individuals open accounts at the bank. The bank has also embraced IT to help it improve the efficiency of service delivery. However, it is recommended that the branch should open more branches to add to the current two and thus give access to more customers. It should also improve its IT systems to deter cyber frauds. Introduction In the 1960s, there were eleven English clearing banks and five Scottish banks (Melton 2002). Five decades later, mergers and acquisition have led to the creation of four major players in the UK namely; Barclays, Lloyds Banking Group, Royal Bank of Scotland, and HSBC (Temim & Voth 2013).

Mel Gibson's Apocalypto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mel Gibson's Apocalypto - Essay Example However, the film by Gibson does not indicate any critical relevance to the current world as the film deals too much with violence and blood, forgetting to pay attention to other details among the Maya people, which shaped their current cultural and social dynamics, though violence is part of today’s social setting. Ardren (2006) explains that though the Maya practiced violence and brutality against their fellow community, and practiced child sacrifices in this classical period, the Maya people are also well known for achievements that range from arts, sciences deeply tooted spirituality that had connection with agricultural cycles, and the profound engineering design of the Mayan cities. However the Apocalypto shuns these achievements aside and concentrates on portraying the Maya people as grossly brutal people, with savage nature to one another until the Europeans arrived in their territory, supposedly to rescue them from these barbaric rituals and violence. The arrival of t he missionaries particularly towards the end of the film and the calm experienced in Maya directly suggests the Mayan people indeed needed rescue by the Europeans from their savage nature, towards a more enlightened community. Ardren argues that the same idea was used to subjugate the Mayan people for more than 500 years, but it has received vehement opposition from the Mayan community and intellectuals today. There is proof that such ideas of portraying the Mayan pole as Savage and brutal, and in need of salvation from their own self was used in justifying the civil war between the 1970s and 1990s, through manipulation from the Guatemalan army (Ardren, 2006). Therefore, the film is grossly one sided, and presents an offensive biased perception of the Mayan people. The rituals suggested in the film have no relevance to the society today. In the film, the priests placed their victims on pyramid tops, stretch them over a stone alter, strike on the chest with an obsidian knife, and tor e the still beating heart, lifting it up to the sun (Sweedler, 2007). Though there are evidence of past human rituals among the ancient Mayan communities, Gibson in the film is keen to approach the sacrificial practices of the pre-Columbia Mexico to their own interests, than offering a concise historical account of the past rituals in the Mayan community (Sweedler, 2007). The understanding of sacrifice in the Mayan community is far removed from the rituals portrayed in Apocalypto where the captives are treated like cattle being led to a slaughter than captor’s flesh and blood. The disregard portrayed against the captives in Apocalypto is characteristic of Goibson’s films, where he portrays both cruelty and brutality. This is portrayed through the portrayal of mean looking hunters that suggest pure evil. However, to a lesser extent Gibson’s film has some cultural and social relevance despite the gross violence that runs through the film. The long chase of Jaguar towards the end comes to terminates when he is suddenly saved by the arrival of Christopher Columbus and his fellow explorers, whose presence significantly affect the bewildered Holcane worriers (Sweedler, 2007). The Arrival of Columbus at the shores of Yucatan in 1502, in the year of his fourth expedition marked a direct contact between the indigenous people in American, the

- Art and Music Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

- Art and Music Appreciation - Essay Example bit of a sunset: at first you are sad to see the day go, but as the sun sinks down and the sky turns pink, you think, â€Å"Ah, the beauty of the sunset is worth the fact that it is now night and a bit cold out.† It is a fine song to relax to. There is a constant shift from soft notes to hard ones, marking it as a very dynamic piece. It requires a great deal of dexterity from its performer, especially to keep the constant swarm of notes going. It is very brisk and seems to be in a great rush, bouncing off the walls at a dizzying pace. In the middle, it begins to slow down a bit, before playfully speeding up again. I find this to be a cheerful, funny piece, and can easily imagine people smiling as they try to dance to it. 2.) Discussion Questions: Art. The impressionist style of painting is characterized chiefly by concentration on the general impression produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary colors and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light. -Nicholas Pioch Impressionism is often a kind of soft-focus style of painting where the figures or objects appear in varying levels of detail. The world of light has more influence on our sight than you might expect, is what impressionist seem to be saying. They try to shift our allegiances from strict forms to a vaguer, airier world. They use soft colours that blend into one another and often capture pastoral scenes. They question how we perceive the world and what our visual prejudices might

Effects Of Censorship Of Nudity Film Studies Essay

Effects Of Censorship Of Nudity Film Studies Essay An Idealistic view of film is nature without check with original energy (Walt Whitman, 1860); it is a free wheeling machine expressing thoughts, ideas and personal identity. A form of art that can be easily viewed and be approachable to the masses. It can also be viewed as a way to waken souls and bring others to a reality that could be theirs. Yet if we look at history we see that this form of art has been cornered into a pen, bitten on its heels by rules and regulations and commented on by boards of censors. Throughout this essay I intend to see the affects of censorship upon nudity through the pre-code era, Hays office and ending over the pond in England with a film that caused controversy for the images not shown and the perspective of the camera, Peeping tom (1959). Film has always been seen as a way of communication between people and as a way of expressing an issue to crowds without too much difficulty. This has obviously caused issues in the past as to the impact film has upon people and to those who are more vulnerable to exposed ideals or ways of life. Censorship covers many different aspects of film, from what is seen to the underlying subtext. Brought in to monitor the film industry in 1934 the Hays office was set on creating the Golden Age of film. This golden Age was set around ideas of a moral code, set on re-conditioning society from the flappers and Jazz, which during the Pre-code years was censored by the MPPDA (Motion Picture producers and Distributors of America), although their censorship was considered lax. It was a strict code that every picture was expected to regulate itself to. Although The Hays office is the most known regulating office, unions were created by the people such as the WCTU (Womens Christian Temperance union) and the DPPLA (Department for the promotion of purity in literature) to regulate what they saw. It is alongside these regulations that a coding system for age was created to allow a larger range of versatility in work although this was brought in 1968. As a society we have always singled out people, whether due to their race, sexual orientation or political views. This is no different in film. Within the golden age, Mae West (1893-1980) was seen as a victim of censorship. Her sexual past made her a target and a risk to the Hays Office; making her golden age turbulent. (Mae West, 1893-1980) A free wheeling sexual libertine victimized by a punitive censorship body staffed by a group of Victorian prudes (Mae West, 1893 1980) Wests history on Broadway caused her issues. She was known for Broadway Acts such as; Sex a tale of a prostitute (1927) and The Drag (1927). Due to both of these plays she was sent to jail on the grounds of obscenity. She was also later arrested under the same charges for the production of Diamond Lil. Yet images on stage were uncensored which gave West a chance Whereas in the film industry they were monitored with a close eye. The new problem they encountered with West was the way she still managed to make anything sexy. Clothe her up or down it didnt, make a difference. Due to this they started to try and distil her sexual presence through the disguise of stupidity or comedy, disallowing the viewer from becoming succumbing to her charms. This method was often used through out the Golden Age allowing producers to keep such actresses as West and Monroe in the later years without having the original reel cut too heavily. Thus Hollywood started to make the documentary of the world unrealistic. Film wasnt about the artistry of film making, but rather the way in which a head office could manipulate those watching to become and believe what they saw. Sexual liaisons were made undefined and ambiguous. Politics were close to unmentionable and god forgive you if you wanted to portray a relationship with someone from another race. King Kong (1933) and Tarzan and His Mate (1934) both bring up issues of racism and nudity within film. In king Kong we encounter tribal people. These tribes are witnessed to be wearing very little other than flowers around their necks and straw skirts. Although this sounds very Hawaiian it is a much more substandard way of dressing. The men are depicted with nothing upon their chests and the woman with bare legs, arms, shoulders etc. This in comparison to Ann who is fully clothed with the hint of an ankle and show of an arm is quite obvious. The idea being, that a woman depending on her race could be allowed to have more skin showing than another. This was obvious in the golden era where films disguised as documentaries, such as The love life of a Gorilla and Legong; Dance of the Virgins (1935) in order to be able to show images of nudity. Although this images were more shocking to the public for their obvious nakedness and did cause some uproar from the Hays office little was actually done to the editing to stop such ceremony of skin. Tarzan and his Mate (1934) escaped the Hays Office just in time, as it was brought round into the industry the following year. Unlike King Kong it wasnt nudity in the aboriginal race but rather that of the character brought into the wild environment. This was the step forward the industry had been trying to make. Allowing White woman the same expression through nudity as others. Occasionally a naked woman might be spied in part or whole. Inspired by expeditionary films that exposed native girls in a state nature, the studios sought to extend the custom to white women in exotic environments (Thomas Doherty 1999) This is exactly what Tarzan accomplished. It had brought the naked white female form to the viewing audiences. Although a body double was used for the nude underwater scene, the scene was real and it was there. Nudity was coming onto the screen, or thats what they thought. Within a few months of the picture being released it was brought back to be censored by the newly brought in hays office. The underwater scene and other certain shots were taken away and only brought back years later for the public view. (Tarzan and His Mate, 1934) Although the progression of nudity was relevant in the pre-code era such laws were brought in after, to stop these kind of steps forward from happening. The Idea of being naked and out of the house but in a natural environment is a step away from reality and probably a reason why such a transgression could have be made before the Hays Office and then evolved from then onwards in baby steps. Duel in The sun (1946) poses us with the question of the morality of the main girl, pearl. From the beginning we see that her mother is a dancer who also gives in to other mens needs other than her husbands. We see from the beginning that Pearl is dancing outside the club, mimicking her mother, it is even expressed by a man passing that she is becoming like her mother and smiles in approval. We are led to believe that Pearl is a mixture of pure and evil as her parents are mixed. From this we gather a sense of a double identity that both excites others and causes them to also be protective these responses are split between the two brothers both possessing one. Duel in The Sun (1946) Within the film we are presented with a temptation of a nude figure in an interrupted swim scene, where pearl is being watched by one of the brothers. She hides in the reeds and asks him to go away, but to no avail, we do not see the ending but they end up coming home together. This is likely to be regulated by the Hays office, as making sexual liaisons and situations ambiguous was one of their ways at keeping some more fruity pieces of work within films. Within this seen we are not able to imagine what they do when we leave but what is under the water, as before she is interrupted we get a glimpse of a figure with bare arms and legs. This natural display of the body is compared nicely to its surroundings creating an enticing view for the spectators as it has a youthful naive feel to it. Duel in The Sun (1946) Within this scene we are presented with a pearl covered in little other than a woven blanket. Although she exposes legs and is obviously naked underneath the overall out come is that of a scared and intimidated woman. It is also meant to be a comedy shot in which she is being taught about the sins of the flesh and not giving into temptation; a comical contrast to the way in which she is presented. This is the most likely reason for her being presented in such a way upon the screen. Although at a stretch it can be said that such unveiling of a Woman on screen could be down to her mixed race it was also a progression forward as it was seen in Hollywood that a different skin would entice less of a moral outburst in comparison to whether the Woman was Caucasian. Although this could be seen as a stretch the idea of confronting racism was still a way off with American society and racism was a part of everyday life. It was in fact noted that Hollywood in the pre-code era was trying to bring nudity to the Caucasian form. Some like it hot, starring Marilyn Monroe was as much a comedy as a sexual spectacle. Her Costume was tight and flaunted her curvaceous figure with such precision that she was just contained within it. This is a leap forward in the contrast to duel in the sun as Pearl is dressed, although appealingly, in flowing garments that give a hint to curvature and progress in flaunting her asserts throughout the film getting more and more tight around her upper body. (Some like it hot 1959) As we can see above Monroe has been dressed in a very flaunting dress. Although covered over the breast the material is a lightweight and partially transparent mesh. Giving more whilst covering the important areas. We are also privileged to see from her knee downwards. Overall a lot of skin is revealed in contrast to Duel in The Sun, where pearl in everyday attire is covered. We also have to take in to consideration the job of Monroes for the role, which is that of a lead singer for a girls band group. In this group she is notorious for getting into trouble and falling for wayward men. This is easy to see in the way in which she dresses provocatively. (Some like it hot 1959) Her role is likely to be a driving factor in how she has been allowed to dress in this this film. It can also be seen that it has passed the Hays Office due to the comical side of the film, erasing all sexual presence as each sexual moment is in fact comically dressed, even Monroe has been created as a figure to make fun of. Her character is dreamy and not all there, she drinks consistently throughout the film giving her the look of a lost cause hanging on waiting for her fairy tale dream to come true. In fact the dream also registers some homosexuality at the end where as they run off one of the cross dressing men reveals to the old man hes led on (as a scape goat) that he is in fact a man. The man Winks and carries on driving the boat. This in itself would of caused some form of an uproar though the way this has been juxtaposed at the end and the comical twist allows it to be taken lightly and it becomes non-threating to the audience. Peeping Tom(1959) when first shown caused outrage. It wasnt necessarily because you saw anything particularly gruesome; in fact you saw nothing of the sort. It was the way in which you became to murderer, through his line of sight. You saw what he wanted you to see. The idea of being so close to the mentality of a man who isnt mentally stable as he tries to capture what he calls the soul of a person through the use of filming them and seeing their fear. The film shows the uncomfortable reality of the addictiveness of catching a moment, questioning what is right to capture on film and what is not. The film not only creates a voyeuristic atmosphere but documents his movements his life and his strange behaviourisms. It is this closeness to the character, his thoughts laid out bare on film, that creates and uncomfortable viewing sensation to the viewer. Nudity in the film is shown little, other then near the beginning when he goes to his second job as a pornography photographer. Here the girls are dressed in flimsy underwear and are shot in poses although not vulgarly. There is a quick shot in a restored version of the film allowing for a quick flash of one of the girls breasts, rumoured to be the first nude female scene in British feature film. The society that first watched a viewing of this film was outraged and the film was banned. Yet it is the interest in the voyeurism of the piece that made the nudity (and other parts of the film) unacceptable. The feel of the sexual tension and the ability to feel like you were there was to high a risk for the censorship boards. Nudity in comedy or a way in which a character could be disconnected from the viewers could be worked upon but this came to close to reality and endangered the audience. It was only in 1968 that the MPPA also known as the Hays Office was by a movie classification. This system allowed Hollywood more range within their films as they could regulate who would be allowed to view the reels. The rating system went as: G, PG, Pg-13, R or NC-17. It would also cause less distress with parents, as they would know that their children would be unable to see films inappropriate for their age. The reception of nudity in Hollywood has taken years to understand. To understand that its not something to be afraid of but to embrace and monitor as if you would a child. The naked body is a piece of art and should be accepted as such, yet with nudity in a motion picture the sexuality of the body is noticed. Yet other films industries, for example those in main land Europe have always managed to keep nudity harmless and natural Maybe it is the fantasy that is Hollywood that makes nudity so much more than what it is. It is the presentation of nudity that needs to be addressed not the harsh censorship of it.

Equality: Equal Treatment or Equal Opportunity? :: essays research papers

Is it fair or just to create equality by allowing special rights or accommodations to certain groups or individuals? I think it is. The foundation for my position is simple: How can we have the same rights for everyone, when no one is the same? This past November, I watched a video in Social Studies class. The video was about equal rights, and focused on several situations where rules could be challenged, and how the people got their way. One example was about a man in a wheelchair who wanted to go watch a movie at a local movie theatre. However, when he went to choose a seat, he quickly realized that he had no choice about where he could view the film. He was stuck with watching from in front of the first row, which is usually not a preferred spot for watching a movie. This man took the theatre to court for not giving him equal opportunity to choose where to view the movie. The theatre lost the court battle, and from then on set a precedent for all movie theatres to reserve sections in their facilities for the disabled. There are now wheelchair-accessible views from the front, middle, and back of many theatres around the world. The underlined issue in the above case was not about being treated equally, but rather being given equal opportunity. No one was being treated more superior than another, no one was denied the opportunity to watch the movie, but when it came to choice of seating, there was an inequality. Now, thanks to this man, that’s all changed. The case was much the same in an example of two female high school students that wanted to go for a lead part in the school production, but couldn’t because all the lead parts were for males. The two girls were given the equal right to participate in the production, but they were not given an equal opportunity to the part that they wanted. As a result, the rules were changed. The school’s first play featured males in the lead parts, and the second featured females. We watched a third example, this time about a young, female hockey player, who, again, had to be given special rights to achieve equality. In this case, all youngsters were given the equal right to play ice hockey. Males played in a males league, females played in a females league. Equality: Equal Treatment or Equal Opportunity? :: essays research papers Is it fair or just to create equality by allowing special rights or accommodations to certain groups or individuals? I think it is. The foundation for my position is simple: How can we have the same rights for everyone, when no one is the same? This past November, I watched a video in Social Studies class. The video was about equal rights, and focused on several situations where rules could be challenged, and how the people got their way. One example was about a man in a wheelchair who wanted to go watch a movie at a local movie theatre. However, when he went to choose a seat, he quickly realized that he had no choice about where he could view the film. He was stuck with watching from in front of the first row, which is usually not a preferred spot for watching a movie. This man took the theatre to court for not giving him equal opportunity to choose where to view the movie. The theatre lost the court battle, and from then on set a precedent for all movie theatres to reserve sections in their facilities for the disabled. There are now wheelchair-accessible views from the front, middle, and back of many theatres around the world. The underlined issue in the above case was not about being treated equally, but rather being given equal opportunity. No one was being treated more superior than another, no one was denied the opportunity to watch the movie, but when it came to choice of seating, there was an inequality. Now, thanks to this man, that’s all changed. The case was much the same in an example of two female high school students that wanted to go for a lead part in the school production, but couldn’t because all the lead parts were for males. The two girls were given the equal right to participate in the production, but they were not given an equal opportunity to the part that they wanted. As a result, the rules were changed. The school’s first play featured males in the lead parts, and the second featured females. We watched a third example, this time about a young, female hockey player, who, again, had to be given special rights to achieve equality. In this case, all youngsters were given the equal right to play ice hockey. Males played in a males league, females played in a females league.

International Organization Based on the Assumption of Liberalism and Realism

Different theories explain why international organizations are createdWhich are basically a response to problems of incomplete information, transaction costs, and other barriers to efficiency and welfare improvement for their members. But different questions like; do international organizations really do what their creators intend them to do?Do they really support member states in achieving their basic interests mutually? These critical questions and others of their likes can be analyzed to some extent by several theories proposed by different scholars in the field of international relations.Such theories are liberal, realism and constructivism but the concern of this work is on realism and liberal theory. International organization is a union or association of States, or of enterprises or of other national entities set up across national boundaries.Examples are Of States, are the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) of enterprises: Transnational Corporations (TNCs); inclu de The Coca-Cola Company, Sony, McDonalds, Toyota, etc. Of other national entities; are like Amnesty International; International Olympic Committee, World Organization of the Scout Movement, and the International Committee of the Red Cross.Around 30000 such organizations are active in about 300 countries and territory over the world. International organizations progressed after the Second World War, the gulf between the international politics and formal organizational arrangement which began to open in ways that were not easy to reconcile. This organization seemed to strengthen in dealing with rising problems such as the extension of property right, environment protection and formal supernatural authority. The international organization was the answer on solving collective problems.Public interestRefers to the net benefits derived for, and procedural rigor employed on behalf of, all society in relation to any action, decision or policy. Public may include the widest possible scope o f society, example of individuals and groups sharing a market place for goods and services (included those provided by government), as those seeking sustainable living standard and environment quality for themselves and future generations. Interests are all things valued by individual and society such as economic freedom, political power access to government property right.Those things we seek to acquire and control are interest like ideas we aspire to and protections that are harmful. Realism theory views that world politics is driven by competitive self-interest; they believe that decisive dynamic among countries is a struggle for power in an effort by each to preserve or, preferably, improve its military security and economic welfare in competition with other countries.As an approach to international politics, realism can be traced to such ancient practitioners and thinkers as Sun Tzu (544-496 B. C) the Chinese general and the author of The Art of War; Thucydides (460-399 B.C), a Greek historian and author of The History of the Peloponnesian War, and more recently statesmen such as Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) the Iron Chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under Prussian control. (Rourke 2012b; p20)Liberal theoryStates are not simply ‘black boxes’ seeking to survive and prosper in an anarchic system. They are configurations of individual and group interests who then project interests into the international system through a particular kind of government. Survival may very well remain a key goal. But commercial interests or ideological beliefs may also be important.The conventional wisdom is that states create and delegate to IOs because they provide essential functions. They provide public goods, collect information, establish credible commitments, monitor agreements, and generally help states overcome problems associated with collective action and enhance individual and collective welfare.Notable philosopher advocating liberalis m including Thomas Hill Green, John Rawls, John Lock, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill. Emanuel Kant, Jean Jacque Rousseau and the former USA presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt.It is true saying that international organizations based on the assumption that ‘’government aims at public interest’’, this is because international organizations sees that the government at a large extent is the best solution for solving public problems and a representation of public interest at the same time. This connotation can be analyzed through the use of liberal and realism theories as follows. Realism theory as the first theory of international organization is used to prove right the above quotation as they assume that, survival is the principal goal of every State. Realists hold states to be the main actors.It means that state control each and everything. Even if domestic interests, strategic culture, or commitment to a set of national ideals would dictate more benevolent or co-operative international goals, the anarchy of the international system requires that States constantly ensure that all states posses some military capacity, and they have sufficient power to defend themselves and advance their material interests necessary for survival. Survival of the state is important for every individual for example United States normally employs military power for the survival and to defend her national interests (Gulf war and Iraq war).  (Wolfrum,2011)Realists believe in the anarchic structure of the international system as the most important determinant of state behavior. Realists believe that the international system exists in a state of anarchy a term that implies not chaos or absence of structure and rules, but rather the lack of a central government that can enforce rules. Therefore order for the state to maintain public interest, a state makes use of the economic prosperity and military might to make decisions that are of much importanc e to the public.States will also act as best as they can in order to maximize their likelihood of the public and continuing to exist. (Ibid) Realists hold states to be rational actors. This means that given the goal of survival, States will act as best they can in order to maximize their likelihood of continuing to exist. Thus States may create international law and international institutions, and may enforce the rules they codify. However, it is not the rules themselves that determine why a State acts a particular way, but instead the underlying material interests and power relations.A country’s foreign policy may reflect broad national objectives and the strategies governments use to guide their actions in the international arena. Also a government extends the domestic interests to the international environment through the use of foreign policy that will guide the interaction of the state with other international actors like the international organizations. For example the foreign policy of Tanzania is aimed at developing the country through economic diplomacy, regional cooperation and multilateral relations.(ibid)Realism assume that all state posses military capacity and no any other state knows about neighbor intend precisely, thus the world is uncertain and dangerous, the only purpose of state is to defend the interest of the state, enable state to survive while promoting public interest against foreign invasion and occupation. Through government organs like judiciary, legislature and executive enforce laws to ensure achievement of public interest, where people have surrender their authority to the government to protect their liberty, life and property.People may ensure their safety through government from internal and external invasion or threats. (ibid) Liberal theory on the other hand is another theory of international relation which tries to explain the truth of international organization on the assumption that government aims at public interes t. This theory analyzes how government aims at providing public interest in several ways using its key assumptions as follows. Liberalism believes on democratic stability theory which rests on the observation that no two democratic states have ever gone to war with one another, and that democratic states rarely strike first.Liberals argue that democracies identify with one another because of their shared norms and values like the United States doesn’t want to take Canada partly because each country believes that citizens have the right to choose their own government and consequently believe that conquering another country and enslaving its citizen is wrong. Moreover democracies are not dominated by the military and lie in the hands of an individual or a small group; leaders are accountable to their people, who are often reluctant to see their children go to war.A variety of issues can dominate the international agenda. Unlike realist, liberals believe that national security d oes not always have to be of paramount importance economic, environmental issues, and human rights can all become the most important goal of a nation. Also in liberalism the ideas was international and they depend each other to solve certain problems for example the problems of hunger is not to Africa only but it is global while they provide deferent aids to African.Also the problem of economic crises is the western countries problems but shacked till African due to lose aids and loans. The state acts in the liberal of law, and not acts outside the law. Liberals contend that people and the countries that represent them are capable of finding mutual interests and cooperation to achieve them at least in part by working through International organizations and according to International law. On the other hand liberals do not dismiss power as a factor, but they add morality, ideology, emotions (such as the friendship and mutual identity) and habit of cooperation.Jean Jacques Rousseau (17 12-1718), he argued that in social contract (1762), that human had to join together in civil societies because they found it easier to improve their existence through cooperation than competitive self reliance. So in contemporary liberals in where each government aims at public interests they apply this notion to global society and argue that people and their countries can better their existence by joining together to build a cooperation and peaceful global society.In policy prescriptions liberals urges on creating norms of justice and peace, promoting and strengthening International Organizations in achieving people’s interests. Both classical and neo Liberals like Jean Jacques Rousseau and Wilson Woodrow on nature of politics, principles and cooperation as standards of international standards argue that people are not inherently political predators and are capable of achieving less conflictive relations either through current government structures or new models of governmen t.And on principle emphasis is on states to formulate their foreign policy according to cooperative and ethical standards to improve social, economic and political needs of each member country; they are not forced into organizations but according to their willingness and global challenges they face in providing public’s social, political and economic needs, thus different states join organizations like UN, AU and EU which enables member states in achieving such interests.  (Rourke 2005a, pp 17-22)Liberal international relation theory believes that government represents some segments of domestic society, whose interest are reflected in state policy. Consistent with the view that society, understood as an aggregate of autonomous individual and voluntary groups, is prior to the state. Liberal theories of politics accord a central place to the domestic institution that link state and society. Liberals analyze such institutions primarily as mechanisms for the representation of s ocial interests.The state is assumed to be representative to some set of social groups, although not all governments represents the entire population. For liberals, the principal agent relationship between the population and the state is thus a central issue. (Moravcsik,2010)In recommending the quotation that international organization based on the assumption that government aims at public interests; in realism point of view states act as main actor on the insurance of public interest within international system, still on its loneliness seem to fail on defending public interest fulfillment a hundred  percent due to series of challenges, threats or obstacles that fade upon state survive on maintaining public interest.Example hunger, issue of security, outbreak of diseases, as well as economic recession problem that is common to third world countries. Therefore state regardless of its potentiality role on public interest it must cooperate with non state actor be it international org anization like UN or be it regional organization like NGOs, civil society for maximum public interest achievement.Under liberal perspective state seems to be with great role in public interest since it cooperate with another actors on making the availability of conducive environment for public interest attainment within their respective boundary. Although most of this cooperation is not two way traffic in such a way that only one which is powerful side benefit from this cooperation either bilateral or multilateral.Example north-south, Therefore cooperation is inevitable for proper prosperity of public but should be win-win or two way traffic cooperation. Therefore principal actors of the world politics remains nation-states, though they are not the only actors. The international system consists of nation-states, international organizations, and private actors, thousands of international organizations were established during the post-World War II era.The increasing number of internat ional organizations is parallel to the increasing levels of economic, political, social and cultural transactions between individuals, societies and states in today’s world which are significant in their respective fields reflecting preferences of states albeit non-state actors challenges and even weakens weaker states favor preferences of stronger states.

Reduce the Amount of Junk Mail You Receive by 90%

Reduce the Amount of Junk Mail You Receive by 90% If you’re interested in living a more eco-friendly lifestyle, heres something you can do that will help protect the environment and preserve your sanity: reduce the amount of junk mail you receive by 90 percent. According to information from sources such as the Center for a New American Dream (CNAD;  a Maryland-based nonprofit organization that helps people consume responsibly to protect the environment, enhance quality of life, and promote social justice) reducing the amount of junk mail you receive will save energy, natural resources, landfill space, tax dollars, and a lot of your personal time. For example: 5.6 million tons of catalogs and other direct mail advertisements end up in U.S. landfills annually.The average American household receives unsolicited junk mail equal to 1.5 trees every year- more than 100 million trees for all U.S. households combined.44 percent of junk mail is thrown away unopened, but only half that much junk mail (22 percent) is recycled.Americans pay $370 million annually to dispose of junk mail that doesn’t get recycled.On average, Americans spend 8 months opening junk mail in the course of their lives. Register Your Name to Reduce Junk Mail OK, now that you’ve decided to reduce the volume of junk mail you receive, how do you go about it? Start by registering with the Mail Preference Service of the Direct Marketing Association (DMA). It won’t guarantee you a life free of junk mail, but it can help. DMA will list you in its database in the â€Å"Do Not Mail† category. Direct marketers are not required to check the database, but most companies that send large volumes of bulk mail do use the DMA service. They realize there is no percentage in routinely sending mail to people who don’t want it and have taken action to prevent it. Get Off Junk Mail Lists You can also go to OptOutPreScreen.com, which can enable you to remove your name from lists that mortgage, credit card, and insurance companies use to mail you offers and solicitations. It’s a centralized website run by the four major credit bureaus in the United States: Equifax, Experian, Innovis, and TransUnion. Most businesses check with one or more of these companies before accepting your credit card or granting you credit for a long-term purchase. They are also a huge source of names and addresses for credit card, mortgage and insurance companies that routinely send junk mail to attract new customers and solicit new business. But there’s a way to fight back. The federal Fair Credit Reporting Act requires credit bureaus to delete your name from their rented lists if you make the request. Contact Companies That Send You Junk Mail If you’re serious about ridding your life of as much junk mail as possible, then simply registering with these services may not leave enough space in your mailbox. In addition, you should ask all of the companies you patronize to place your name on their â€Å"do not promote† or â€Å"in-house suppress† lists. If you do business with a company by mail, it should be on your contact list. That includes magazine publishers, any companies that send you catalogs, credit card companies, etc. It’s best to make this request the first time you do business with a company, because it will prevent them from selling your name to other organizations, but you can make the request at any time. Keep Track of Your Name to See How Junk Mail is Generated As an extra precaution, some organizations recommend that you track where companies are getting your name by using a slightly different name whenever you subscribe to a magazine or begin a new mail relationship with a company. One strategy is to give yourself a fictional middle initials that match the name of the company. If your name is Jennifer Jones and you subscribe to Vanity Fair, simply give your name as Jennifer V.F. Jones, and ask the magazine not to rent your name. If you ever receive a piece of junk mail from other companies addressed to Jennifer V.F. Jones, you’ll know where they got your name. If this all still seems a bit daunting, there are resources to help you get through it. One option is to use stopthejunkmail.com, which can provide further assistance or guidelines for reducing junk mail and other intrusions, from unwanted e-mail (spam) to telemarketing calls. Some of these services are free while others charge an annual fee. So do yourself and the environment a favor. Keep the junk mail out of your mailbox and out of the landfill. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

David by Earle Birney Essays

David by Earle Birney Essays David by Earle Birney Paper David by Earle Birney Paper David, written by Earle Birney is a very emotional piece. The poem is narrative as told through the eyes of Bob, Davids friend. One of the themes that follow throughout this poem is the onset of maturity and all the barriers that must be over come. The tone is a cynical one, when Bob is asked by David to push him over the edge to his death. This poem also includes figurative language and poetic devices that help to develop an element of suspense, complication, and emotion. Birney has created a poem that consists of eleven sections that break down into quatrains. There is not a set pattern that is constant throughout this poem. Some verses are different from other verses, thus do not follow the same rhyming scheme, it adds the story element. One of the rhyming schemes that does occur in some verses which have the first and the fourth lines rhyming, it reminds the reader that it is also a poem. Alliteration is also included in his poem. It helps the reader flow from one word to another; seracs that shone is one example of this device. There is no exact rhythm in this poem; it is more of a story then a classical poem. Since not all of the verses rhyme or follow the same rhyme scheme it sets the emotion of the poem to a more serious and mature piece then a happy and fun poem. Birney has used the lack of verse to clearly set the subject matter for a very serious and emotional poem. This piece has impressionistic, decorative, and picturesque imagery. All of these images allow the reader to visualize whats going on and experience the emotion expressed. There are many symbols to help add to the picture conveyed by the poet. The symbol of a bird that has a broken wing and is going around in circles symbolizes that everyone is impermanent and can get hurt. The goats bones on the mountain also symbolize the danger that is always present in the our lives and paints the reader a picture that danger is even in ordinary activities. One of the similes that gives the reader a very vivid picture is an overhang crooked like a talon. It shows the power and threat that the mountain gives off. mountains were made to see over,/ Stairs from the valleys and steps to the suns retreats. Is a very metaphorical image, it relates to life and how the mountains are barriers in life and you can always find a way to get past the barrier. The image of the stairs relates to your chance to overcome the barrier. The sun setting is an image, which defines missed opportunity. The conveyed imagery gives the reader the emotion and feeling of actually being present and climbing along side David and Bob. The diction that is used in thi s poem is very effective. There are many geological terms that associate David and Bobs action, with mountain climbing and traveling through the wilderness. Terms like crevasses, moraine, hawks, firs and larches are used in a proper diction. The time that the story is taking place is not really made clear, it would is suggested to take place during mid-afternoon to afternoon. The poems setting is the rugged Rocky Mountains located in Canada. The narrator, Bob, uses some words that are hard to comprehend, but mostly a dialect that everyone can understand. Bob uses words that are sometimes unfamiliar and seems to be well spoken. This causes the reader to assume he has been well-educated and is from a prominent family. This poem brings a lot of emotion and complications into discussion. It shows that everyone will have to face decisions will prove to be difficult, but will be for the best. Birney has successfully created a poem that shows the reader the connection between two men and the complication they must have. The things that are good about the poem are the use of the proper diction and lingo that describe what David and Bob are doing. This makes it easier for the reader to understand, which captures the readers emotions on different levels.

Battle of Algiers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Battle of Algiers - Essay Example Terrorist tactics are justified in the context of a war that is a product of colonization and when enemies cannot be differentiated from the masses, although it is not morally acceptable to use terrorist tactics when fighting a terrorist organization because it punishes combatants and non-combatants alike and uses technology to the detriment of the entire colonized people. The tactics of terrorism on both sides of the war are justified because of the nature of the socio-economic and political context of Algeria, where the minority is fighting the colonial rule of France, while France cannot discern combatants from non-combatants. The National Liberation Front or FLN only wanted freedom and autonomy for Algeria. The French, on the contrary, acted as the colonizer, so they aimed to crush the rebellion using all means possible. The FLN knew that it could not defeat the French with a heads-on collision, so it resorted to guerilla tactics, mostly terrorist attacks, to attain the mission of demoralizing the French and inciting the masses to fight their colonial masters. France retaliated to preserve its authority in its colony. It believed that the resistance was composed of the minority, so it felt justified to eliminate the rebels, even if it meant having casualties of non-combatants because of the difficulty of differentiating them from the rebels. It is not morally acceptable to use terrorist tactics, when combating a terrorist organization, because it does not differentiate combatants from non-combatants, thereby killing innocent civilians. The FLN bombed two French cafes and an airport because it knew that it could not conduct an effective offense using direct combat operations. Guerrilla operations would be more effective, even if they were stealthy and undermined the morality of their actions. This included hiding weapons in ordinary places and using women to hide guns under their burka and to launch bombing

Human Cloning And Its Disadvantages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Cloning And Its Disadvantages - Essay Example   The laws dismayed scientists and experts alike who believe that human cloning can advance humanity. However, an opposing view on human cloning began to broaden as we gradually understand the implications human cloning may pose in the future. Recently, experts in various fields contend that human cloning could become a threat to society if we do not exercise prudence and rationality in the utilization of the said technology. Specialists and ordinary citizens alike assert that human cloning should be banned because of its adverse moral and ethical implications, it is extremely unsafe and it is socially and psychologically harmful.  The laws dismayed scientists and experts alike who believe that human cloning can advance humanity. However, an opposing view on human cloning began to broaden as we gradually understand the implications human cloning may pose in the future.   Recently, experts in various fields contend that human cloning could become a threat to society if we do not exercise prudence and rationality in the utilization of the said technology.   Specialists and ordinary citizens alike assert that human cloning should be banned because of its adverse moral and ethical implications, it is extremely unsafe and it is socially and psychologically harmful.   The prospect of utilizing cloning technology, not just for the purposes of therapy and treatment of genetically linked diseased but also cloning humans for another purpose, pose profound ethical questions.... This behavior toward children could also lead to heightened2"commercialization and industrialization of human procreation" and could result to a new 'eugenics' in which parents choose what 'kind' of genetically 'modified' child to have. Another of consideration we need to look closely at, is the argument with regards the possibility of creating human life in order to destroy it in the end. As there are two most common prospects of human cloning, one of which is the cloning to replicate a 'whole' human being and the other one is for therapeutic purposes, the majority of the President's Council stressed that cloning for therapeutic purposes obliges that 3"the creation of human life expressly and exclusively for the purpose of its use in research, research that necessarily involves its destruction, ... transform[ing] nascent human life into nothing more than a resource tool." Another danger that comes with the utilization of the technology to clone humans is related to safety. The Council on Bioethics asserted that, 4"[g]iven the highrates of morbidity and mortality in the cloning of other mammals, we believe that cloning-to-produce-children would be extremely unsafe. Scientists and experts agreed that the scientific information indicate that the techniques utilized by scientists is not safe on humans as shown in the experiments with animals demonstrating that, with very many attempts to clone life, only a few percentage is successful. In addition, a great number of the clones die during gestation and most often newborn clones carry abnormalities or die as a result. Although many content that the risks are reduced as the technology advances, reproductive cloning is costly and highly